http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/services/Feed ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25689 11 page(s) 2013-05-23T06:21:18.017Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:9278 In 2008 January the twenty-fourth Chinese expedition team successfully deployed the Chinese Small Telescope ARray (CSTAR) to Dome A, the highest point on the Antarctic plateau. CSTAR consists of four 14.5 cm optical telescopes, each with a different filter (g, r, i, and open) and has a 4.5° × 4.5° field of view (FOV). It operates robotically as part of the Plateau Observatory, PLATO, with each telescope taking an image every 30 s throughout the year whenever it is dark. During 2008, CSTAR 1 performed almost flawlessly, acquiring more than 0.3 million i-band images for a total integration time of 1728 hr during 158 days of observations. For each image taken under good sky conditions, more than 10,000 sources down to 16th magnitude could be detected. We performed aperture photometry on all the sources in the field to create the catalog described herein. Since CSTAR has a fixed pointing centered on the south celestial pole (decl. = -90°), all the sources within the FOV of CSTAR were monitored continuously for several months. The photometric catalog can be used for studying any variability in these sources, and for the discovery of transient sources such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and minor planets. 2013-05-23T06:01:32.891Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:16381 This paper examines representational issues that emerge when Anne Fine’s coming of age depiction of an extreme journey based on an historic period of social and political conflict is read as a parable about world politics. The Road of Bones explores, through an adolescent character’s struggle to survive State-led terrorism against its subjects, political process, societal upheaval, and the loss of human rights. But if Fine’s novel raises issues about political governance in ways that interrogate post 9/11 contemporary politics, the work also raises issues about cultural representation and global audiences when the compromised position of Fine’s heroic subject draws upon previously established East/West polarities that privilege a Western readership. In the concluding scenes the protagonist’s agentic response may be dually interpreted: is this response to be construed as activism or, more negatively, as a form of terrorism? 2013-05-23T06:01:20.849Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:18429 33 page(s) 2013-05-23T06:01:17.802Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:19735 Les croyances et la pratique religieuses ont décliné très fortement en Australie depuis les années 1960. Mais, depuis 1996, le langage et les thèmes religieux sont de plus en plus présents dans le discours politique de la nation. Cette tendance est évidente aussi bien dans les discours du Premier ministre, Julia Gillard, qui se déclare athée, que dans ceux du chef de l’opposition, Tony Abbott, un catholique fervent. La montée en puissance de la religion dans la culture politique australienne a moins à voir avec les croyances et les pratiques des citoyens qu’avec les associations symboliques que permet la religion, les vides qu’elle est censée combler dans un espace politique largement défini par l’engagement de l’Australie dans la prétendue « guerre contre la terreur » et le ralliement enthousiaste des deux principaux partis au consensus néolibéral. 2013-05-23T06:01:12.570Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:21915 A book review : 'Augustine's Manichaean Dilemma-1 : conversion and Apostasy, 373-388 CE' by J. BeDuhn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010, ISBN: 9780812242102. 2013-05-23T06:01:09.910Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:24508 The Fonualei Spreading Center affords an excellent opportunity to evaluate geochemical changes with increasing depth to the slab in the Lau back-arc basin. We present H₂O and CO₂ concentrations and Sr, Nd, Pb, Hf and U-Th-Ra isotope data for selected glasses as well as new Hf isotope data from boninites and seamounts to the north of the Tonga arc. The Pb and Hf isotope data are used to show that mantle flow is oriented to the southwest and that the tear in the northern end of the slab may not extend east as far as the boninite locality. Along the Fonualei Spreading Center, key geochemical parameters change smoothly with increasing distance from the arc front and increasing slab surface temperatures. The latter may range from 720 to 866°C, based on decreasing H₂O/Ce ratios. Consistent with experimental data, the geochemical trends are interpreted to reflect changes in the amount and composition of wet pelite melts or super-critical fluids and aqueous fluids derived from the slab. With one exception, all of the lavas preserve both ²³⁸U excesses and ²²⁶Ra excesses. We suggest that lavas from the Fonualei Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge are dominated by fluid-fluxed melting whereas those from the East and Central Lau Spreading Centers, where slab surface temperatures exceed ∼850-900°C, are largely derived through decompression. A similar observation is found for the Manus and East Scotia back-arc basins and may reflect the expiry of a key phase such as lawsonite in the subducted basaltic crust. 2013-05-23T06:01:09.736Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:23079 This conversation piece explores the variety of experiences the authors have had within fat activism, with specific focus on community spaces, activities and dynamics. Here, the authors discuss the complexities, difficulties and productive potential of a range of fat activist communities. 2013-05-23T06:01:06.217Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25662 Prestige recurs through history, in all societies and as a direct, incidental or implicit theme in social and natural sciences. However, aside from relatively few exceptions the academic attention it has attracted as an influence in politics has been sporadic or tangential rather than large scale and intensive. This article argues that: prestige is an enduring and protean feature of political behaviour, compatible with and a potential confluence for diverse approaches and interpretations; if not overlooking it, International Relations tends to treat prestige as subordinate to material and strategic goals, or as an ideational construct for which instrumental aspects are extraneous; prestige resides in the background of many analyses, neither repudiated nor explored; prestige is distinct but not isolated from power: material, social or imagined; and empirical bases to support these claims can be drawn on from almost every age and culture. 2013-05-23T06:01:02.340Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25661 Recent developments in music regulation policy in some European countries show a recognition of changes in the built environment, contemporary demographics and the sonic profile of popular music. These initiatives have not been echoed in Australian music policy, where the primary focus is on the cultural and economic conditions of production and consumption, with little interest in the mechanics and biology of sound production and circulation, and their social welfare implications. Within the general category of noise pollution, it appears that the proliferation of low-frequency noise (LFN) is the fastest growing problem, in which contemporary popular music is increasingly implicated. This paper explores why LFN should suddenly become so pervasive that it has begun to attract specific social policy and legislative measures, its own scientific journals, and attempts to establish standards of its measurement specific to a profile that evades traditional sound pollution analysis. 2013-05-23T06:00:59.213Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25663 Given the creativity inherent in advertising, one useful measure of creativity may be the advertising creativity award. Although creativity awards have been used by academics, agencies, and clients as indicators of exemplary creative work, there is surprisingly little research as to what creative elements they actually represent. Senior agency executives were selected to assess their own campaigns in terms of originality and strategy, and were also queried about whether those campaigns would win creativity, and effectiveness, awards. Findings show that the campaigns deemed worthy of creativity award recognition are usually highly original. Yet, most award-winning work is rarely regarded as being highly strategic. The results indicate that this originality bias contained in award-winning advertisements may limit their usefulness as proxy measures of creativity. Although the originality aspect of creativity is reflected, strategy and appropriateness are not adequately, nor proportionately considered. Implications for the use of creativity awards by researchers, as well as managerial issues, are discussed. 2013-05-23T06:00:59.169Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25665 11 page(s) 2013-05-23T06:00:54.848Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25670 Japan is well-known for its small number of lawyers. In the late 1990s, there was a justice system reform movement. This resulted in a governmental agenda to substantially increase the lawyers’ number. The profession’s population then rapidly increases. The pace of the reform has however recently been slowed down, although the full implementation of the reform and its target has not yet been achieved. Why had the number of lawyers remained small for five decades after the World War II despite Japan’s economic development? Why was there a justice system reform movement in the late 1990s? Why has the pace of reform been slowed down recently? Who controlled/controls the size of the legal profession in Japan? This paper will analyse these issues. 2013-05-23T06:00:45.553Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25671 The field of translation is a battleground on which, according to Bourdieu, cultural reproducers compete over cultural capital synonymous with higher social status and greater power to control texts and attribute meaning to them. On the surface, the struggles are about defending ideas and satisfying tastes, but they are also about how to control cultural capital and how to eventually convert it into economic capital. Against this background, this article explores the issue of retranslation of classic texts, using Bourdieu's sociological concepts to analyze why The Art of War is frequently chosen for retranslation, how a challenging translator qualifies himself as someone more capable than his predecessors of doing full justice to the classic text, and, more importantly, what strategies are used to compete against the most respected translators in so doing. The article concludes that retranslating classic texts is a social practice whereby individual translators are inclined to use as their common strategy all kinds of cultural capital (embodied, objectified, and institutionalized) to outmatch the competition not merely within textual practice but also well beyond it. 2013-05-23T06:00:42.437Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25672 2 page(s) 2013-05-23T06:00:42.228Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25673 Background: The purpose of this investigation is to determine if Epstein Barr virus (EBV), high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), and mouse mammary tumour viruses (MMTV) co-exist in some breast cancers. Materials and Methods: All the specimens were from women residing in Australia. For investigations based on standard PCR, we used fresh frozen DNA extracts from 50 unselected invasive breast cancers. For normal breast specimens, we used DNA extracts from epithelial cells from milk donated by 40 lactating women. For investigations based on in situ PCR we used 27 unselected archival formalin fixed breast cancer specimens and 18 unselected archival formalin fixed normal breast specimens from women who had breast reduction surgery. Thirteen of these fixed breast cancer specimens were ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) and 14 were predominantly invasive ductal carcinomas (idc). Results: EBV sequences were identified in 68%, high risk HPV sequences in 50%, and MMTV sequences in 78% of DNA extracted from 50 invasive breast cancer specimens. These same viruses were identified in selected normal and breast cancer specimens by in situ PCR. Sequences from more than one viral type were identified in 72% of the same breast cancer specimens. Normal controls showed these viruses were also present in epithelial cells in human milk - EBV (35%), HPV, 20%) and MMTV (32%) of 40 milk samples from normal lactating women, with multiple viruses being identified in 13% of the same milk samples. Conclusions: We conclude that (i) EBV, HPV and MMTV gene sequences are present and co-exist in many human breast cancers, (ii) the presence of these viruses in breast cancer is associated with young age of diagnosis and possibly an increased grade of breast cancer. 2013-05-23T06:00:37.183Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25674 Book review of 'Memory fragments of a modern history' by Alison Winter, University Of Chicago Press, 2012, ISBN: 9780226902586. 2013-05-23T06:00:33.564Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25680 3 page(s) 2013-05-23T06:00:25.119Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25681 A Sydney-based megachurch with global reach, well-known for its “prosperity gospel” of financial acquisition, has developed an additional strand: a detailed theology of consumption. The affinity between a theology of guilt-free—indeed, obligatory—consumption and late capitalism goes some way towards explaining the attraction this minority strand of Christianity holds for politicians, including those without personal religious commitments, in a secular electorate. 2013-05-23T06:00:22.135Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25683 We adopt the accounting ecology framework of Gernon and Wallace (1995) to investigate the unique Japanese process of accounting reforms and convergence. The uniqueness of the Japanese accounting framework is primarily the result of the integration of the Japanese traditional accounting system and its surrounding infrastructures with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the Anglo-American model, and the liberal market economies (LMEs). The objective of this study is to demonstrate that accounting as the language of business is deeply embedded in the historical, legal, business and economic environments of each country and that these contextual factors cannot be ignored in the process of significant accounting reforms, including accounting convergence. The paper provides evidence that even in the process of global accounting convergence countries are not achieving de facto convergence because optimal mechanisms of the accounting system and its surrounding infrastructures are contextual and embedded in the accounting ecology of each country. 2013-05-23T06:00:19.259Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25686 Measurements of magnetic properties and particle size were carried out for sand-storm samples collected in Sydney on September 23, 2009 and in Lanzhou in April 2010. The results showed that the magnetic content of Lanzhou sample was much higher than that of Sydney sample. Both samples differed slightly in mineralogy. Lanzhou sample contained maghemite, hematite and possibly hematite. Besides these minerals, Sydney sample likely contained goethite. The magnetic grain size of Sydney sample was finer than that of Lanzhou sample. As to particle-size distribution, Sydney sample showed a wide and flat curve with four peaks, while Lanzhou sample displayed a narrow curve with three peaks. The great difference in magnetic properties between storm samples and source samples and the multi-peak particle-size distribution curves were all indicative of multisource storms. Furthermore, a comparison of particle size between Lanzhou storm sample and Jiuzhoutai loess samples was made. The results showed that the increase of 1-10 μm component and the decrease of 10-20 μm component were caused by the physical and chemical weathering of unstable minerals, while the increase of 0.02-1 μm component was mainly contributed to the formation of new minerals and the weathering of unstable minerals. The certain similarity of particle size distribution curves between Lanzhou sand-storm sample and loess-paloesol sample, implied a linkage between modern storm events and geological eolian activities. 2013-05-23T06:00:15.064Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25687 Since their introduction, the notions of indistinguishability and non-malleability have been changed and extended by different authors to support different goals. In this paper, we propose new flavors of these notions, investigate their relative strengths with respect to previous notions, and provide the full picture of relationships (i.e., implications and separations) among the security notions for public-key encryption schemes. We take into account the two general security goals of indistinguishability and non-malleability, each in the message space, key space, and hybrid message-key space to find six specific goals, a couple of them, namely complete indistinguishability and key non-malleability, are new. Then for each pair of goals, coming from the indistinguishability or non-malleability classes, we prove either an implication or a separation, completing the full picture of relationships among all these security notions. The implications and separations are respectively supported by formal proofs (i.e., reductions) in the concrete-security framework and by counterexamples. 2013-05-23T06:00:09.790Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25666 Our dependence on computers has transformed information technology into a potential terrorist target. Cyber terrorism prevention should be part of holistic national security policy. This paper analyses the results of a study that indicates New Zealand’s critical infrastructure is not ready for a cyber terrorist attack and gives some recommendations. 2013-05-23T04:30:10.866Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:16180 Objective: To determine the proportions of female participants in research studies selected to inform the development of national clinical guidelines and to assess these against the proportions of women affected by the conditions. Methods: We assessed 392 published articles, involving a total of 5.2 million participants, cited as references in five influential clinical guidelines addressing the use of antiarrhythmics, chronic fatigue, depression, diabetes, and colorectal cancer. For each article, we extracted the number of female participants to determine any discrepancies in the sex of participants and if the proportion of female participants as research subjects reflected the sex distribution of patients affected by the condition. Results: The overall and median percentages (per study) of females per guideline were: use of antiarrhythmics (35%, median 38%), chronic fatigue (70%, median 73%), colorectal cancer (67%, median 46%), depression (66%, median 66%), and diabetes (63%, median 50%). The baseline prevalence rates used for comparison purposes were (percentage female): antiarrhythmics (60% of patients 75+ years); chronic fatigue (66%), colorectal cancer (46%), depression (66%), and diabetes (46%). Conclusions: The colorectal cancer, depression, and chronic fatigue guidelines were based on research populations that accurately reflected the sex distribution of the condition in the general population. Women were slightly overrepresented in the research studies supporting the diabetes guidelines and were significantly underrepresented in the research studies supporting the guidelin es on the use of antiarrhythmics. Guideline developers should be aware of and comment on the potential impact of sex. Where the evidence base is lacking, guideline developers should highlight this and, where necessary, limit their specific conclusions to populations on whom the research was performed. 2013-05-23T04:01:02.897Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:20886 4 page(s) 2013-05-23T03:30:40.185Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:18335 The narrow dating of some of the early New Testament papyri and the methodological approach that is used must be brought into question in the light of the acknowledged difficulties with palaeographical dating and especially the use of assigned dated literary papyri. The thesis of this paper is that the way forward in dating New Testament papyri, or for that matter any undated literary papyri, is first to locate the manuscript in its graphic stream and using, on the whole, dated documentary papyri belonging to the same stream, come to an approximate understanding of where in the history of the stream the manuscript lies. The following New Testament Papyri will be so treated: P52, P67+ and P46. 2013-05-23T03:15:20.677Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:17315 Core incidents and motifs in retellings and adaptations of Korean folktales about supernatural foxes, known as Gumihos, have coalesced into a common, readily recognised fox-woman script. Since the end of the 1980s, the fox-woman script has become a focus for cultural conflict. The traditional stories are acknowledged to be part of Korea's intangible cultural heritage, and as such have been retold conservatively to preserve that heritage (especially in picture books) or have undergone major reinterpretation in attempts to reshape that heritage and imbue it with contemporary significance. According to the fox-woman script, the Gumiho is humankind's monstrous other, but a variety of works in film or television drama have challenged the assumptions about alterity and monstrosity. This challenge first emerged when moral awareness was attributed to the Gumiho character, especially in conjunction with the narrative strategy of aligning perspective with her, of transforming her from object to subject, and demonstrating that humanity is evidenced by behaviour and not by race or social privilege. Subsequently, general audience television drama and children's film have explored homologies between a reworked fox-woman script and ethnic otherness, and have transformed the script into a narrative about cultural otherness that advocates an open and other-embracing society. 2013-05-23T03:10:39.851Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:16232 After beginning by situating the author's (possible) relation to Derrida's expression, ‘democracy to come’, the article proceeds from the position that Derrida's phrase is to be understood as part of a political intervention. Indeed, the inseparability of democracy and deconstruction confirms this. After setting out some of the pertinent features of ‘democracy to come’ – seen, in part, in the General Will – the notion of political community in the thought of Hannah Arendt is brought into question, if not deconstructed. Political community as presented by Arendt is seen to limit the inclusiveness of democracy. In the final section, the article suggests that Agamben's critique of the very structure of the nation-state opens the way for a renewal of the notion of the human in the ‘community to come’. 2013-05-23T02:20:46.121Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25629 This study examines intra-industry variation in CSR disclosure practice. Specifically, it investigates whether companies from industry sub-sectors with different CSR profiles have varying patterns of CSR disclosure. The industry analysed is the Australian food and beverage industry. The paper finds that companies from industry sub-sectors with higher CSR profiles engage in greater ‘symbolic’ disclosures. Further, the relationship between CSR profile and disclosure strategy was found to be influenced also by the centrality of the CSR issue under examination to the company's business. While the small sample size limits generalisability, these findings have implications for both CSR research and practice. 2013-05-22T01:31:18.739Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25634 This publication describes the development of an automated platform for the study of the plasma glycoproteome. The method consists of targeted depletion in-line with glycoprotein fractionation. A key element of this platform is the enabling of high throughput sample processing in a manner that minimizes analytical bias in a clinical sample set. The system, named High Performance Multi-Lectin Affinity Chromatography (HP-MLAC), is composed of a serial configuration of depletion columns containing anti-albumin antibody and protein A with in-line multilectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC) which consists of three mixtures of lectins concanavalin A (ConA), jacalin (JAC), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). We have demonstrated that this platform gives high recoveries for the fractionation of the plasma proteome (≥ 95%) and excellent stability (over 200 runs). In addition, glycoproteomes isolated using the HP-MLAC platform were shown to be highly reproducible and glycan specific as demonstrated by rechromatography of selected fractions and proteomic analysis of the unbound (glycoproteome 1) and bound (glycoproteome 2) fractions. 2013-05-22T01:31:10.929Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25633 The possibility of using X-ray diffraction to precisely monitor crystal structure at the extremes of pressure and temperature produced by shock-wave loading is explored. A summary of the advantages of using various X-ray sources for this work and an outline of the necessary experimental layout is given. 2013-05-22T01:31:10.401Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25635 TNK-tPA products from the innovator and follow-on manufacturers were characterized and compared. All tryptic peptides including N-terminal, C-terminal, and mutated peptides as well as the disulfide-linked peptides were identified, with the demonstration of the same primary sequence and disulfide linkages between the innovator and follow-on products. The three N-linked and one O-linked fucose glycosylation sites were identified. The two N-linked fucose sites (N103 and N448) and one O-linked fucose site (T61) were fully glycosylated in both innovator and follow-on products. The other N-linked site (N184) was partially glycosylated and exhibited a 2.5-fold difference between the innovator (60% occupancy) and follow-on (25% occupancy) products. Since the glycosylation occupancy at this site is known to affect biological activity in the clot lysis assay, this observed difference could cause a concern as to their bioequivalence. The cleavage site for the conversion of the zymogen form to active enzyme was also identified between R275 and I276, with a cleavage of 40% for the innovator and 10% for the follow-on products. Both the glycosylation occupancy (%) and the chain cleavage (%) were determined by two independent approaches, starting from either the peptide or intact protein separation, with consistent results by both methods. Subtle differences of modifications such as deamidation and oxidation between the innovator and biosimilar products were shown at M207, M445, M490 and N58, N184. The observation of different extents of oxidation at M207 and deamidation at N184, which could influence the clot lysis activity, were also of potential concern in drug efficacy between the follow-on and innovator products. 2013-05-22T01:31:06.660Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25636 The crystallization mechanism in cordierite glass (Mg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈) doped with 0.34 mol% Cr₂O₃ has been studied in detail with in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and ex situ Cr X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The crystalline component comprises an alumino-chromate spinel precipitating within the bulk together with an independent silica-rich stuffed quartz phase that appears to nucleate from the specimen surface. By employing a double heat treatment close to the glass transition, finely dispersed spherical crystallites of a alumino-chromate spinel are grown from Cr nucleating sites. The total crystallized volume of around 4% and the composition of the spinel, MgCr₀․₁₈Al₁․₈₂O₄, are directly related to the Cr content in the starting glass. Moreover, the alumino-chromate particles are found to be closely monodispersed partway through the crystallization process, growing from rough crystallites to smooth particles of radius 210 ± 20 Å, with a final bulk particle density of 1.21 ± 0.4 × 10¹⁵ cm⁻³. Growth is limited by diffusion in the soft glass and is complete when all the available Cr is exhausted. The advantages of in situ combined scattering diffraction and spectroscopy for probing the nanostructure crystallography and local atomic structure in the formation of ceramics the order in which events take place and the insights this gives in the underlying physical processes are stressed. 2013-05-22T01:31:05.949Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25637 In this paper, I examine the assumptions that underpin secular neutrality and how they might block government attention to religious inequality and obscure occurrences of religious discrimination in society. A secular state’s neutrality is underpinned by the idea that religious belief is a private and individual choice. As such, the legal maintenance of a state’s neutrality results in the scrutiny of religion as an individual practice. As well as concealing the institutional privileging of certain religions by secular states, the privatisation and individualisation of religious beliefs bought about by secular neutrality has implications for the ways in which the state deals with religious discrimination. I argue that rather than fostering a climate of religious tolerance, a state’s neutrality can mask religious inequality and potentially prohibit a state from addressing this inequality in the name of neutrality. 2013-05-22T01:31:01.247Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25640 Quartz crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) from three distinct orthogneisses using both the Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Fabric Analyser (FA) techniques reveal a clear trend from basal and rhomb slip for high P-T conditions (670 ± 20 °C/9 kbar), rhomb and basal slip for medium P-T (590 ± 15 °C/6 kbar) and a dominance of prism slip for lower P-T conditions (<570 °C/4-5 kbar). The textural variations are interpreted in terms of a temperature field gradient and microscale strain partitioning controlled by a weak feldspar matrix that can locally invert the expected slip system sequences. Locally quartz CPOs are different within one thin section, and in comparison to bulk orientation measurements both, EBSD and the Fabric Analyser techniques are ideal to determine such textural heterogeneities. While the EBSD is a powerful technique to determine the full CPO, measurements from similar locations inside several quartz grains from the orthogneisses and an annealed and undeformed quartzite show that the FA is an accurate tool to determine CPOs of c-axis orientations in uniaxial materials. In a CPO focussed study the FA is a cheap alternative to EBSD as the analysis of whole thin section can be accomplished in a very short time, with minimal sample preparation. With the FA it is possible to evaluate the CPOs of several samples quickly with an accuracy that allows id entification of the main slip systems and their homogeneity. 2013-05-22T01:30:53.674Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25641 An asymmetric binary Margules formulation for excess Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy is adequate to describe the 1 bar halite-sylvite solvus in NaCl-KCl (Thompson and Waldbaum 1969). However, a binary Margules formulation is not adequate to describe excess volumes of single-phase chlorides in P-V-T-X from ambient P-T to ∼20 kbar and 700 °C. Excess volumes across NaCl-KCl increase with temperature, decrease with pressure, and show systematic deficits in the consolute region. These patterns can be explained by the importance of a third component - vacancy defects that relieve the lattice stresses of K-Na size mismatch. New, two-phase observations in P-V-T-X allow delineation of the excess Gibbs energies to high pressures where the excess enthalpies and entropies do not depend on T at each P, but show significant variation between 1 bar and ∼20 kbar. The volume, entropy, and enthalpy of K-Na mixing become more ideal at high pressure. But the solvus expands with pressure because entropy approaches ideality faster than enthalpy and, therefore, Gibbs energy of K-Na mixing becomes less ideal with pressure. The consolute temperature rises about 80 ° C in 17 kbar, with little change in consolute composition. The binary Margules equation of state provides a prediction of the rise of the solvus that is impressively convergent with the new observations. This convergence is especially impressive given the clear inadequacies of the binary excess volume formulation on which the prediction is based. 2013-05-22T01:30:51.257Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25644 3 page(s) 2013-05-22T01:30:44.251Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25645 In order to shed light on the cause for onset of strain localisation in plagioclase-rich rocks we have performed detailed microstructural analyses on a sheared anorthosite-leucogabbro using optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and chemical analyses. The analysed sample is from an Archaean unit, SW Greenland, deformed at lower to mid crustal conditions (T = 675-700 °C and moderate pressure). The initial deformation occurred dominantly by dislocation creep and the grain size was reduced primarily by subgrain rotation recrystallisation. Recrystallised plagioclase grains (average size 80 μm) are dominantly found in (i) clusters, (ii) lenses and (iii) continuous bands subparallel to shear zone boundaries. Recrystallised grains in clusters and lenses display inherited crystallographic orientations. Their bulk crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) is random; however, crystallographic characteristics show that parent and daughter grains have the same misorientation axes and possibly the same active slip systems. Recrystallised grains in continuous bands show a CPO with a single dominant active slip system, (001)<110>, aligned with the structural (XYZ) framework. For these parent and daughter grains, misorientation axes are random and the dominant slip system is different. Grain rotations of recrystallised grains are traceable back to the orientation of the adjacent porphyroclast. We infer that the cause for strain localisation is recrystallisation and development of a CPO in continuous recrystallised bands. 2013-05-22T01:30:40.698Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25646 6 page(s) 2013-05-22T01:30:38.917Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25647 The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcome of rehabilitation following cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in one Sydney unit. This unit has implemented a philosophy of training based on a motor learning model for rehabilitation proposed by Carr and Shepherd (1987a and b). The proposed motor learning model stresses the need for task and context specific training of everyday actions. Data, including patient characteristics and Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) scores, were collected through a retrospective audit of all patients diagnosed as having a CVA and discharged from the unit during 1989. The major finding of this study was that, following rehabilitation within a multi-disciplinary program, patients were able to improve their motor performance as demonstrated by changes in MAS scores. The measurement of outcome of rehabilitation for this unit has contributed to quality assurance by identifying motor tasks that warrant further emphasis in training in order to improve upon the reported outcome of rehabilitation. 2013-05-22T01:30:36.557Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25649 In this paper, we propose a novel Two-level Particle Swarm Optimization (TLPSO) to solve the credit portfolio management problem. A two-date credit portfolio management model is considered. The objective of the manager is to minimize the maximum expected loss of the portfolio subject to a given consulting budget constraint. The captured problem is very challenging due to its hierarchical structure and its time complexity, so the TLPSO is designed for the credit portfolio management model. The TLPSO has two searching processes, namely, "internal-search", the searching process of the maximization problem and "external-search", the searching process of the minimization problem. The performance of TLPSO is then compared with both the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), in terms of efficient frontiers, fitness values, convergence rates, computational time consumption and reliability. The experiment results show that TLPSO is more efficient and reliable for the credit portfolio management problem than the other tested methods. 2013-05-22T01:30:28.712Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25652 Purpose: The aim of this paper is to examine the early history of restaurants, as invented in Paris around 1766, deciding whether a market orientation ruled out genuine hospitality. Design/methodology/approach: Contemporary accounts, such as Brillat-Savarin's section "On Restaurateurs" in The Physiology of Taste in 1825, are considered against a definition of hospitality as a household's provision of care for non-members. Findings: The restaurateurs' innovation was selling individualized meals within the emerging consumer market. While Brillat-Savarin recognized the commercial cynicism of even such brilliant exponents as Antoine Beauvilliers, their enterprises were hospitable to the extent that, emerging from domestic households, they were directed principally at meal-making rather than money-making. Highly "McDonaldized" corporations, whose primary purpose is profit, are a largely twentieth-century development. Research limitations/implications: Defining hospitality as the provision of care by households to outsiders is a common sense approach that, nonetheless, provides an alternative to the usual characterizations of hospitality, based on ethics, personality, performance or industry. Social implications: Owner-operated businesses are more likely to provide hospitality, certainly as traditionally understood, than corporations. Originality/value: Since eighteenth-century France, restaurants have only become more important, and the use of the household definition contributes to their better understanding, both historically and conceptually. The definition should have wide applicability. 2013-05-22T01:30:25.566Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25653 This response to Ash Amin's new book, 'Land of Strangers' considers his argument that an 'urban commons' of multiplicity must be underpinned by a cultural imaginary that creates momentum and musters sentiment with affective force. He argues encounters are always deeply mediated and attitudes shaped by material, technological and symbolic influences with provenances near and remote. This paper targets the sphere of public narratives of encounter, providing two examples of interventions aimed at mobilising sentiment towards ideas of intercultural solidarity and care, and at re-working place identities in ways that highlight multiplicity, interdependency, and intersecting realities. 2013-05-22T01:30:20.618Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25655 The term Melanesia is a partly geographic, partly cultural referent to a subregion of the island Pacific that has become very much part of ordinary descriptive language along with terms categorising other parts of the Pacific island world, namely Polynesia and Micronesia. Yet Melanesia is much more than a descriptor. The term has been loaded with significance in a variety of ways, carrying with it both negative and positive connotations. This paper provides an overview of the way in which the idea of Melanesia has developed, from its origins in racialist ethnography through to the postcolonial period. It suggests that, although a number of scholars now find the term problematic because of its historical associations with European exploration and colonisation and the racism embedded in these, Melanesia has acquired a positive meaning and relevance for many of those to whom the term applies. 2013-05-22T01:30:15.097Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25657 Did Augustus intend to reconstruct the form of government at Rome? In retrospect it has been easy to assume this. Indeed a profound shift in the degree to which politics came to depend upon the patronage of the leading house can clearly be traced in the primary sources. But did this alter what we choose to call the lawful 'constitution' of Rome? 2013-05-22T01:30:10.659Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25656 Review(s) of 'The passion of politics: The role of ideology and political theory in Australia', by Lindy Edwards, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2013, 244 pages, ISBN 9781742377780. 2013-05-22T01:30:09.444Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25654 The seminal 1993 article by LaFollette and Shanks "Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Some Epistemological Worries" introduced an influential taxonomy into the debate about the value of animal experimentation. The distinction they made between hypothetical and causal analog models served to highlight a concern regarding extrapolating results obtained in animal models to human subjects, which endures today. Although their taxonomy has made a significant contribution to the field, we maintain that it is flawed, and instead, we offer a new practice-oriented taxonomy of animal models as a means to allow philosophers, modelers, and other interested parties to discuss the epistemic merits and shortcomings, purpose, and predictive capacities of specific modeling practices. 2013-05-21T06:10:11.857Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25651 This paper revisits Sara Ruddick's 'maternal thinking' thesis, in order to explore whether Ruddick's insights into the character of maternal work can be extended with the conceptualization of work as constitutive of subjectivity (Christophe Dejours, Axel Honneth). The relevance of Dejours' psychodynamics of work to Ruddick's maternal thinking project, is that it nuances and strengthens Ruddick's claim that maternal thinking has normative force for diverse maternal practices and values, i.e. her claim that all mothers in whatever conditions, think. Lionel Shriver's novel We Need to Talk About Kevin works as a kind of auto-ethnography and a private confess from which to think about the nexus of work and mothering, and mothering as work un-partitioned from 'paid' labor. Shriver's novel offers a rich pool of conceptual content and thick narrative description and reflection through which to explore Dejours' and Ruddick's claims, and to consider their complementarities and the generation of new insights into maternal work. 2013-05-21T02:50:13.753Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25632 A new facility for high-pressure diffraction and spectroscopy using diamond anvil high-pressure cells has been built at the Advanced Light Source on beamline 12.2.2. This beamline benefits from the hard X-radiation generated by a 6 T superconducting bending magnet (superbend). Useful X-ray flux is available between 5 keV and 35 keV. The radiation is transferred from the superbend to the experimental enclosure by the brightness-preserving optics of the beamline. These optics are comprised of a plane parabola collimating mirror, followed by a Kohzu monochromator vessel with Si(111) crystals (E/ΔE≃7000) and W/B₄C multilayers (E/ΔE≃100), and then a toroidal focusing mirror with variable focusing distance. The experimental enclosure contains an automated beam-positioning system, a set of slits, ion chambers, the sample positioning goniometry and area detector (CCD or image-plate detector). Future developments aim at the installation of a second endstation dedicated to in situ laser heating and a dedicated high-pressure single-crystal station, applying both monochromatic and polychromatic techniques. 2013-05-20T04:00:12.683Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25631 Transcytosis is a widespread pathway for apical targeting in epithelial cells. MAL2, an essential protein of the machinery for apical transcytosis, functions by shuttling in vesicular carriers between the apical zone and the cell periphery. We have identified INF2, an atypical formin with actin polymerization and depolymerization activities, which is a binding partner of MAL2. MAL2-positive vesicular carriers associate with short actin filaments during transcytosis in a process requiring INF2. INF2 binds Cdc42 in a GTP-loaded-dependent manner. Cdc42 and INF2 regulate MAL2 dynamics and are necessary for apical transcytosis and the formation of lateral lumens in hepatoma HepG2 cells. INF2 and MAL2 are also essential for the formation of the central lumen in organotypic cultures of epithelial MDCK cells. Our results reveal a functional mechanism whereby Cdc42, INF2, and MAL2 are sequentially ordered in a pathway dedicated to the regulation of transcytosis and lumen formation. 2013-05-20T03:50:12.675Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25628 Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review and synthesise current knowledge on the importance of intellectual capital (IC) information to the capital market. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is by way of literature review. It reviews the empirical research literature from different methodological strands and synthesises the findings to provide evidence on the impact/importance/usefulness of IC from a capital markets perspective. Findings – Importance of IC information has been examined using various research methods including capital markets research, questionnaire surveys, face-to-face interviews, experimentations, verbal protocol analysis and content analysis of analyst reports. These studies provide evidence on the usefulness/importance of many types of IC information. Also, evidence from IC disclosure studies on initial public offering prospectuses sheds light on perceived importance of types of IC information to the capital market. However, there is a scope for more research to refine the current understanding of the importance of IC to the capital market. Practical implications – By reviewing and synthesising the literature, this paper provides an important source of reference for future researchers and policy makers who wish to formulate guidelines for IC reporting to better meet the information needs of capital market actors. It also highlights future research directions. Originality/value – This is the first-published literature review on the importance of IC that provides a comprehensive review of studies adopting various research methods. Prior reviews have been limited to value-relevance and/or predictive ability studies. 2013-05-20T03:30:10.518Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25627 The size trend for the pressure-induced γ-Fe₂O₃ (maghemite) to α-Fe₂O₃ (haematite) structural phase transition in nanocrystals has been observed. The transition pressure was found to increase with decreasing nanocrystal size: 7 nm nanocrystals transformed at 27 ± 2 GPa, 5 nm ones at 34 ± 3 GPa and 3 nm ones at 37 ± 2 GPa. Annealing of a bulk sample of γ-Fe₂O₃ was found to reduce the transition pressure from 35 ± 2 to 24 ± 2 GPa. The bulk modulus was determined as 262 ± 6 GPa for 7 nm nanocrystals of γ-Fe₂O₃, which is significantly higher than the value of 190 ± 6 GPa that we measured for bulk samples. For α-Fe₂O₃, the bulk moduli for 7 nm nanocrystals (336 ± 5) and the bulk (300 ± 30) were found to be almost the same within error. The bulk modulus for the γ phase was found to decrease with decreasing particle size between 10 and 3.2 nm particle size. Values for the ambient pressure molar volume were found within 1% to be: 33.0 cm3 mol⁻¹ for bulk γ-Fe₂O₃; 32.8 cm³ mol⁻¹ for 7 nm diameter γ-Fe₂O₃ nanocrystals; 30.7 cm³ mol⁻¹ for bulk α-Fe₂O₃; and 30.6 cm³ mol⁻¹ for α-Fe₂O₃ nanocrystals. 2013-05-20T02:40:12.557Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25626 High-pressure Mössbauer spectroscopy on several compositions across the (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite solid solution confirms that ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) undergoes a high-spin to low-spin transition at pressures and for compositions relevant to the bulk of the Earth's mantle. High-resolution x-ray diffraction measurements document a volume change of 4-5% across the pressure-induced spin transition, which is thus expected to cause seismological anomalies in the lower mantle. The spin transition can lead to dissociation of Fe-bearing phases such as magnesiowüstite, and it reveals an unexpected richness in mineral properties and phase equilibria for the Earth's deep interior. 2013-05-20T02:00:17.974Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25625 Experimentally determined phase relations in the system MgO-AlO₁․₅-SiO₂ at pressures relevant to the upper part of the lower mantle indicate that Mg-silicate perovskite incorporates aluminum into its structure almost exclusively by a charge-coupled reaction. MgSiO₃-rich bulk compositions along the joins MgSiO₃-MgAlO₂․₅ and MgSiO₃-MgAl₂O₄ crystallize assemblages of perovskite coexisting with periclase. MgO-saturated perovskites along these joins have ambient unit cell volumes consistent with those measured and calculated for aluminous perovskite along the charge-coupled substitution join, MgSiO₃-AlO₁․₅. The compressibility of aluminous perovskite along the MgO-saturated joins is not anomalously low as predicted for oxygen-defect perovskites. The bulk moduli, however, are consistent with previous measurements made for aluminous perovskites along the charge-coupled substitution join. These results agree with first-principles calculations showing very limited stability of O-defects in Mg-perovskite at pressures and temperatures corresponding to lower mantle conditions, but are inconsistent with earlier experimental results showing unusually compressive aluminous perovskite. The maximum solubility of alumina in perovskite is ∼25 mol% along the MgSiO₃-AlO₁․₅ join within the ternary MAS-system (i.e. pyrope composition), and the join is apparently binary. Although primitive mantle peridotite compositions are MgO-saturated and fall nearly on the oxygen vacancy join, alumina substitution into perovskite is expected to occur primarily by charge-coupled substitution throughout the lower mantle. The compressibility of aluminous perovskite in primitive mantle is expected to be only a few percent lower than for end member MgSiO₃ perovskite. 2013-05-20T01:50:10.580Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25624 This paper reports a loess-paleosol sequence located in the Danube River basin, Serbia, which formed at least since the latest part of the early Pleistocene, and before the paleomagnetic B/M boundary. Various magnetic parameters of the Serbian V-L1-V-S4 loess-paleosol sequence have been measured and analyzed in the Titel Loess Plateau. These parameters show a very similar magnetic behavior compared with that of the Chinese loess. There is a general positive relationship between magnetic susceptibility (χ) and pedogenesis. The main contributors to χ are the magnetic grains of SP (superparamagnetic) and SD (single domain) magnetic domains, while MD (multi domain) contributes only a small percentage. The difference in χ between loess and paleosol mainly is caused by pedogenesis. The very fine magnetic minerals increase gradually with increasing soil development (from loess to soil), and they lead to higher χ. The thermomagnetic curves show thatmagnetic minerals in the loess layers are magnetite and maghemite, both providing a major contribution to χ. In contrast the paleosol layers mainly are composed of magnetite, with almost no or a very small amount of maghemite, as implied by a reversible thermomagnetic behavior. This indicates that pedogenic conditions during V-S3 and V-S4 strong soil development have resulted in maghemite that is no longer stable, and has been resolved or converted to other stable phase minerals. This likely indicates that soil moisture during V-S3 and V-S4 development exceeded a critical condition of maghemite stability. 2013-05-20T01:10:18.731Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25623 28 page(s) 2013-05-19T23:30:17.682Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25617 This study examines the effect of irrelevant information presented in marketing communications by a celebrity co-branding partner on consumer judgments of a partner brand. Three experimental conditions manipulate the relevancy of information: relevant information, irrelevant information, and relevant plus irrelevant information. Findings from this study suggest that when a celebrity co-branding partner does not provide information about the partner brand nor brand benefits, consumer judgments in the ability of the partner brand to deliver benefits, their purchase intent and their match-up perceptions become less positive. Consumer brand benefit beliefs and purchase intentions show evidence of a dilution effect only when consumers perceive a mismatch between the celebrity and brand and when presented with irrelevant information supplied by a celebrity in addition to relevant brand information. Interestingly, not only the relevant celebrity characteristics associated with the brand but also the irrelevant information provided by the celebrity in the advertisement influence perceptions of match-up or congruence. Brand managers should ensure a celebrity co-branding partner does not provide irrelevant brand information within advertisements to avoid brand benefit belief, purchase intent and match-up dilution. 2013-05-17T04:20:17.667Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:19442 Australian processes for recognising Indigenous sacred sites and, in some cases, land ownership, often offer claimants an invidious, lose-lose choice. On the one hand, claimants can support their claim by producing evidence of religious knowledge that they may be culturally required to keep secret. On the other hand, as a series of landmark cases has demonstrated, the material, once revealed, runs the risk of being rejected as not religious enough. The representation of Indigenous religion in Durkheim’s Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse arguably contributed to these impasses. But the same work, particularly when read in conversation with his moral and political writings, also offers a way forward—not as an ethnographic source, but more for its theoretical conception of the relationship between individuals, religion, society, and state. 2013-05-17T04:10:34.809Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25614 Our survey of respondents in 99 organisations with a customer relationship management (CRM) system finds that organisational culture is significantly related to the achievement of desirable CRM outcomes, as indicated by an index composed of a number of financial metrics. Most notable is the strong association between adhocracy and hierarchy cultures and CRM success. This is the first empirical study that has investigated whether organisational culture, as measured using the Competing Values Model, has a main effect on CRM success. The study also considers the influence of a number of moderating conditions on CRM success. No moderating effects are found. We conclude that organisations with an appropriate organisational culture are more likely to enjoy financially desirable CRM outcomes. 2013-05-17T04:00:13.142Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25611 The formation of Antarctic Bottom Water-the cold, dense water that occupies the abyssal layer of the global ocean-is a key process in global ocean circulation. This water mass is formed as dense shelf water sinks to depth. Three regions around Antarctica where this process takes place have been previously documented. The presence of another source has been identified in hydrographic and tracer data, although the site of formation is not well constrained. Here we document the formation of dense shelf water in the Cape Darnley polynya (65°-69°E) and its subsequent transformation into bottom water using data from moorings and instrumented elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Unlike the previously identified sources of Antarctic Bottom Water, which require the presence of an ice shelf or a large storage volume, bottom water production at the Cape Darnley polynya is driven primarily by the flux of salt released by sea-ice formation. We estimate that about 0.3-0.7 × 10⁶ m³ s⁻¹ of dense shelf water produced by the Cape Darnley polynya is transformed into Antarctic Bottom Water. The transformation of this water mass, which we term Cape Darnley Bottom Water, accounts for 6-13% of the circumpolar total. 2013-05-17T01:10:37.676Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:9784 2013-05-16T22:22:46.204Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:24122 Determining the underlying mechanisms responsible for species-specific responses to climate change is important from a species management perspective. The grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus, is listed as vulnerable but it also a significant pest species for orchardists and thereby presents an interesting management conundrum. Over the last century, the abundance of the grey-headed flying-fox, P. poliocephalus, in Australia has decreased due to a variety of threatening processes but has increased in abundance in urban areas. These flying-foxes are highly susceptible to extreme heat events which are predicted to increase in the future under climate change scenarios. Exceptionally hot days result in many deaths, the majority of whom are females with dependent young. This study examined the behavioural responses of roosting P. poliocephalus to temperature during the summer in their daytime roosts. Bats spent about 30% of their time resting at low temperatures, however, as temperature increased, fanning displaced resting as the predominant behaviour as bats attempted to cool themselves. Females with nursing young fanned significantly more often (P=0.001) and at a higher rate with rising temperature (P<0.001) than males and females without young (average proportion of time fanning 27%, 19% and 16%, and 4.6, 2.8 and 2.5 for gradient respectively). As a consequence, nursing females also rested less with rising temperature than the other demographic groups (P<0.001). These behavioural indicators suggest that nursing mothers are more vulnerable to heat stress than any other demographic category studied. The data highlight a clear need to monitor the most vulnerable demographic units as part of any species management program. Corrigendum to this article published in Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 145 (May (3-4)) (2013) 138. DOI:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.04.007. The author would like to correct the last name of second author ‘Jasmina Munich’. The correct name is ‘Jasmina Muhic’. 2013-05-16T08:12:47.388Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25585 High-pressure angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction measurements show that Cd₀․₈₀Hg₀․₂₀ alloy remains in the hcp structure up to 50 GPa. We observe subtle anomalies in the pressure variation of the lattice parameters and their ratio, and in normalized stress versus strain. Electronic-structure calculations, as well as experimental and theoretical results for Cd, suggest that these anomalies are related to the occurrence of electronic topological transitions. Our results support Lifshitz's prediction that electronic phase transitions can cause anomalies in structural and elastic properties of materials. 2013-05-16T08:11:28.250Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25586 13 page(s) 2013-05-16T08:11:23.405Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25587 7 page(s) 2013-05-16T08:11:20.951Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25588 55 page(s) 2013-05-16T08:11:19.352Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25590 Partial melting in the Earth's mantle plays an important part in generating the geochemical and isotopic diversity observed in volcanic rocks at the surface. Identifying the composition of these primary melts in the mantle is crucial for establishing links between mantle geochemical 'reservoirs' and fundamental geodynamic processes. Mineral inclusions in natural diamonds have provided a unique window into such deep mantle processes. Here we provide experimental and geochemical evidence that silicate mineral inclusions in diamonds from Juina, Brazil, crystallized from primary and evolved carbonatite melts in the mantle transition zone and deep upper mantle. The incompatible trace element abundances calculated for a melt coexisting with a calcium-titanium-silicate perovskite inclusion indicate deep melting of carbonated oceanic crust, probably at transition-zone depths. Further to perovskite, calcic-majorite garnet inclusions record crystallization in the deep upper mantle from an evolved melt that closely resembles estimates of primitive carbonatite on the basis of volcanic rocks. Small-degree melts of subducted crust can be viewed as agents of chemical mass-transfer in the upper mantle and transition zone, leaving a chemical imprint of ocean crust that can possibly endure for billions of years. 2013-05-16T08:11:15.047Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25592 X-ray diffraction measurements of natural talc plus water at combined pressures and temperatures of 0-15 GPa and 23-400 °C reveal the presence of a structural change that could be interpreted as a new high-pressure phase at 4.0 (±.5) GPa, and raise the possibility that the newly inferred phase transition takes place in cold subducting slabs as a precursor to appearance of the 10 Å phase of talc. 2013-05-16T08:11:06.778Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25594 X-ray diffraction and infrared data have been collected from a sample of ettringite from ambient pressure to 6.4 GPa. The sample was found to reversibly transform to an amorphous phase at 3 GPa. The isothermal bulk modulus of ettringite was found to be 27(7) GPa and the incompressibilities of the lattice parameters were found to be 71(30) GPa along a and 108(36) GPa along c. 2013-05-16T08:11:01.750Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25596 The laser-heating system for the diamond anvil cell at endstation 2 of beamline 12.2.2 of the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley, CA, has been constructed and is available for in situ high-pressure high-temperature X-ray experiments. The endstation couples a high-brilliance synchrotron X-ray source with an industrial strength laser to heat and probe samples at high pressure in the diamond anvil cell. The system incorporates an 50 W Nd:YLF (cw) laser operated in TEM01* mode. Double-sided heating is achieved by splitting the laser beam into two paths that are directed through the opposing diamond anvils. X-ray transparent mirrors steer the laser beams coaxial with the X-ray beam from the superconducting bending magnet (energy range 6-35 KeV) and direct the emitted light from the heated sample into two separate spectrometers for temperature measurement by spectroradiometry. Objective lenses focus the laser beam to a size of 25 μm diameter (FWHM) in the sample region. An X-ray spot size of 10 μm diameter (FWHM) has been achieved with the installation of a pair of focusing Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors. A unique aperture configuration has produced an X-ray beam profile that has very low intensity in the tails. The main thrust of the program is aimed at producing in situ high-pressure high-temperature X-ray diffraction data, but other modes of operation, such as X-ray imaging have been accomplished. Technical details of the experimental setup will be presented along with initial results. 2013-05-16T08:10:58.054Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25597 This short paper considers a number of temporal and spatial models that can be used for international comparison of internal migration levels across all countries of the world. First, among the various spatial models used, the model linking migrations to the zoning of the territory provides a simple summary of this relationship, but its parameters do not have a clear plain language meaning for international comparison. Second, the "migrant-migration" model derives an instantaneous rate based on migrant numbers measured over variable durations that is independent of multiple and return moves occurring over a longer interval. International comparison is thus only possible for the instantaneous mobility rate (change of residence), a standard indicator whose meaning is clear. The authors use numerous examples to show that the simultaneous use of both types of models provides a means, under certain conditions, to approximate such a rate, that can be linked to the parameters of these models. The validity of these models can be tested and confirmed using data from countries where direct measures of changes of residence are available. 2013-05-16T08:10:53.705Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25598 High-pressure x-ray diffraction of (Mg0.80 Fe0.20)O at room temperature reveals a discontinuity in the bulk modulus at 40 (±5) GPa, similar to the pressure at which an electronic spin-pairing transition of Fe2+ is observed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. We determine the zero-pressure bulk modulus of low-spin magnesiowüstite to be between K70=136 and 246 GPa, with a pressure derivative (∂&∂P)70 between 5.2 and 3.9. The best fit unit-cell volume at zero pressure, V0=71 (±5) Å, is consistent with past estimates of the ionic radius of octahedrally-coordinated low-spin Fe2+ in oxides. A spin transition at lower-mantle depths between 1100 and 1900 km (40-80 GPa) would cause a unit-cell volume decrease (ΔV) of 3.7 (±0.5) to 2.0 (±0.1) percent and bulk sound velocity increase (Avø) of 7.6 (±4) percent at 40 GPa and 7.6 (±1.2) percent at 80 GPa. Even in the absence of a visible seismic discontinuity, we expect the spin transition of iron to imply correction to current compositional models of the lower mantle, with up to 10 mol percent increase of magnesiowüstite being required to match the seismological data. 2013-05-16T08:10:51.987Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25599 A tensonometer for stretching metal foils has been constructed for the study of strain broadening in X-ray diffraction line profiles. This device, which is designed for use on powder diffractometers and was tested on Station 2.3 at Daresbury Laboratory, allows in situ measurements to be performed on samples under stress. It can be used for data collection in either transmission or reflection modes using either symmetric or asymmetric diffraction geometries. As a test case, measurements were carried out on an 18 μm-thick copper foil experiencing strain levels of up to 5% using both symmetric reflection and symmetric transmission diffraction. All the diffraction profiles displayed peak broadening and asymmetry which increased with strain. The measured profiles were analysed by the fundamental-parameters approach using the TOPAS peak-fitting software. All the observed broadened profiles were modelled by convoluting a refineable diffraction profile, representing the dislocation and crystallite size broadening, with a fixed instrumental profile predetermined using high-quality LaB6 reference powder. The deconvolution process yielded 'pure' sample integral breadths and asymmetry results which displayed a strong dependence on applied strain and increased almost linearly with applied strain. Assuming crystallite size broadening in combination with dislocation broadening arising from f.c.c. a/2〈110〉{111} dislocations, the variation of mechanical property with strain has been extracted. The observation of both peak asymmetry and broadening has been interpreted as a manifestation of a cellular structure with cell walls and cell interiors possessing high and low dislocation densities. 2013-05-16T08:10:48.661Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25600 77 page(s) 2013-05-16T08:10:46.984Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25601 108 page(s) 2013-05-16T08:10:43.462Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25602 The status of the Malay lexical element in Tetum is contextually parallel to that of the Portuguese lexical element in Malay itself: a superstratum transformed into an adstratum by the advent of a new imperialism and a new superstratum (Dutch for Malay and Portuguese for Tetum). What principally distinguishes Malay and Tetum is the fact that the former, given its more westerly situation on the fringe of the Asian continent, had already been exposed to two potent linguistic influences: Sanskrit, the medium of Hinduism, and Arabic, the language of Islam. Before the fifteenth century the vocabulary of Tetum was entirely indigenous except for an infusion of Old Ambonese words. Whereas the Portuguese influence on Malay was merely one in a series of substrata (Sanskirt and Arabic elements always remaining numerically more important than the Portuguese component), the impact of the Malay superstratum in Tetum was great, reflecting as it did the introduction of a technologically more advanced culture into the island. Moreover, all the historic influences on Malay were condensed in this body of loanwords (apart from the last layer, that of English), with the result that before the mid-nineteenth century whatever there was of Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Tamil, Chinese and Dutch in the vocabulary of Tetum had entered through the single door of Malay. 2013-05-16T08:10:40.760Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25603 The effects of pressure on the OH stretching frequencies of natural talc and two samples of synthetic 10-Å phase have been measured using a diamond-anvil cell and a synchrotron infrared source. The 10-Å phase was synthesized at 6.0-6.5 GPa, 600 °C for 46 hours (sample 10Å-46) and 160 hours (10Å-160). Spectra were collected up to 9.0 GPa (talc), 9.9 GPa (10Å-46), and 9.6 GPa (10Å-160). The OH stretching vibration of Mg ₃OH groups in talc occurs at 3677 cm⁻¹ at ambient pressure, and increases linearly with pressure at 0.97(2) cm⁻¹ GPa⁻¹. The same vibration occurs in 10-Å phase, but shows negligible pressure shift up to 2 GPa, above which the frequency increases linearly to the maximum pressure studied, at a rate of 0.96(3) cm⁻¹ GPa⁻¹ (10Å-46) and 0.87(3) cm⁻¹ GPa⁻¹ (10Å-160). Two other prominent bands in the 10-Å phase spectrum are suggested to be due to stretching of interlayer H₂O, hydrogen-bonded to the nearest tetrahedral sheet. These bands also show little change over the first 2 GPa of compression, as most of the compression of the structure is taken up by closing non-hydrogen bonded gaps between interlayer H₂O and tetrahedral sheets. Between 2 and 4 GPa, changes in band intensities suggest a rearrangement of the interlayer H₂O. 2013-05-16T08:10:36.773Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25604 This article examines the Timoric (Timorese Austronesian) language called Welaun by its own speakers and Bekais by its neighbours. It is spoken in five hamlets of the suco of Leohitu south of Balibó, on both sides of the East Timorese-Indonesian border. Some Bekais speakers also live in Cová and Balibó. In the past misclassified as a dialect of Tetum (the vernacular of Balibo), Bekais is actually a distinct Timoric language, structurally intermediate between Belunese Tetum and Dawan and is all that remains today of a language that appears to have spoken in a much wider tract of north-central Timor. Bakais was not only displace by Tetum, advancing from the high kingdom of Wehali in the south, but has been strongly influenced by it.Bekais is of particular interest because of the numerous archaisms in its vocabulary: Celebic lexemes of demonstrable Butonic origin which, given their fundamental nature, contribute to ruling out any possibility that the remarkable similarities between the Timoric languages and those of South-Eastern Celebes are due to contact phenomena. As a descendant of the original Celebic language introduced to Timor at least a millennium ago (‘Old Timorese’), Bekais shows in its vocabulary few of the later Ambonese and Malay elements that transformed Tetum, Dawan and Kemak. Like Tetum and unlike Kemar, it appears to have been little influenced by its pre-Austronesian substratum. 2013-05-16T08:10:31.924Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25606 19 page(s) 2013-05-16T08:10:28.518Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25605 70 page(s) 2013-05-16T08:10:23.750Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25607 Academic investigations of quotative content tend to either provide detailed descriptions of specific discourse contexts or differentiate quotative content only on a superficial level to facilitate quantification over large datasets. To date, no comprehensive classification system has been developed that can capture different quotative uses in larger datasets and thereby offer further insights into the patterns of use of quotatives as a stylistic feature in informal interactions. The present research aims to address this gap by introducing such a quotative content classification system. This proposed system conceptualises quotative content on six levels, each describing a different aspect of quotative use. The levels were developed based on the analysis of a set of informal dyadic interactions between native speakers of New Zealand English. The study draws on examples from the data to illustrate the different classification levels and describe the coding parameters, followed by an analysis of the dataset using basic quantitative measures to show how the classification system can be used. The classification system is proposed here as a starting point for analysis of other datasets in order to facilitate inter- and cross-cultural comparisons of quotative use. 2013-05-16T08:10:21.411Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25608 A high pressure diffraction study, from ambient to 50 GPa, has been carried out on nanocrystalline TiN/amorphous BN nanocomposite materials prepared by plasma chemical vapor deposition. The compressibilities of these materials were found not to be significantly different from TiN. A large amount of biaxial and isotropic strain was found to build up on pressurization which continued to exist after depressurization and annealing indicating a permanent deformation under high pressure. This permanent deformation is located in the grain boundaries and is reduced by the presence of amorphous BN. 2013-05-16T08:10:19.733Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25610 We consider a sequential problem of selling K identical assets over the finite time horizon with a fixed number of offers per time period and no recall of past offers. The objective is to find an optimal sequential procedure which maximizes the total expected revenue. In this paper, we derive an effective number of stoppings for an optimal sequential procedure for the selling problem with independent observations. 2013-05-16T08:10:16.653Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25609 The multi-anvil high-pressure facility on beamline 16.4 of the Synchrotron Radiation Source at Daresbury Laboratory has been upgraded from energy-dispersive diffraction operation to easily interchangeable energy-dispersive and angle-dispersive operation by the addition of a Laue-Bragg monochromator and an imaging plate detector. Details of the Laue-Bragg monochromator and endstation configuration are given. The performance of the end station is illustrated with data collected as part of a high temperature-pressure study of lawsonite. 2013-05-16T08:10:14.970Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:20344 Research on children’s speech perception and production suggests that consonant voicing and place contrasts may be acquired early in life, at least in word-onset position. However, little is known about the development of the acoustic correlates of later-acquired, word-final coda contrasts. This is of particular interest in languages like English where many grammatical morphemes are realized as codas. This study therefore examined how various non-spectral acoustic cues vary as a function of stop coda voicing (voiced vs. voiceless) and place (alveolar vs. velar) in the spontaneous speech of 6 American-English-speaking mother-child dyads. The results indicate that children as young as 1;6 exhibited many adult-like acoustic cues to voicing and place contrasts, including longer vowels and more frequent use of voice bar with voiced codas, and a greater number of bursts and longer post-release noise for velar codas. However, 1;6-year-olds overall exhibited longer durations and more frequent occurrence of these cues compared to mothers, with decreasing values by 2;6. Thus, English-speaking 1;6-year-olds already exhibit adult-like use of some of the cues to coda voicing and place, though implementation is not yet fully adult-like. Physiological and contextual correlates of these findings are discussed. 2013-05-16T00:44:37.491Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:18403 Measures of lexical frequency presuppose the existence of corpora, but true machine-readable corpora of sign languages (SLs) are only now being created. Lexical frequency ratings for SLs are needed because there has been a heavy reliance on the interpretation of results of psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic experiments in the SL research literature; yet, these experiments have been conducted without the benefit of such measures. In addition, measures of lexical frequency can also guide SL teachers by identifying which signs would be prioritized in early language instruction. I begin by a discussion of lexicalization and sign types in order to explain what constitutes a lexical sign in SLs. I then present the annotation method and results. In the discussion, I raise the potential limitations of previous studies of lexical frequency in terms of the discrimination of lexical signs from other kinds of signs, consistent lemma glossing, part of speech tagging, and the systematic treatment of depicting signs. I conclude in cautioning that descriptions of SL grammars that do not accommodate typical mixtures and sequences of signs as shown in data are likely to be unreliable. 2013-05-15T15:24:41.213Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25498 Synchrotron diffraction experiments with in situ laser heated diamond anvil cells and multi-anvil press synthesis experiments have been performed in order to investigate the reaction of scandium and carbon from the elements at high-(P,T) conditions. It is shown that the reaction is very sensitive to the presence of oxygen. In an oxygen-rich environment the most stable phase is ScOxCy, where for these experiments x=0.39 and y=0.50-0.56. If only a small oxygen contamination is present, we have observed the formation of Sc₃C₄, Sc₄C₃ and a new orthorhombic ScCx phase. All the phases formed at high pressures and temperatures are quenchable. Experimentally determined elastic properties of the scandium carbides are compared to values obtained by density functional theory based calculations. 2013-05-15T14:23:19.816Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25499 The melting curve of FeSi has been determined to 150 GPa in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) on the basis of discontinuities in the power versus temperature function. A multianvil experimental cross-check at 12 GPa using textural criteria as a proxy for melting is in good agreement with our LH-DAC results. The melting point of FeSi reaches ∼4000 K at the core mantle boundary and an extrapolated value of 4900 K at the inner-core boundary (ICB). We also present the melting curve as determined by the Lindemann melting law; this agrees well with our experimental curve to 70 GPa and then diverges to higher temperatures, reaching 6200 K at the ICB. These temperatures are substantially higher than previous LH-DAC determinations. The boundary of the ε-FeSi → CsCl-FeSi subsolidus transition has also been determined by synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction at high pressures, and the results confirm a negative Clapeyron slope for the transition. We conclude that if present, FeSi is likely to be solid within the D″ layer and is unlikely to be present within the inner core for any plausible bulk core silicon content. 2013-05-15T14:23:14.108Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25502 The crystal structures of eight tetragonal, gillespite-structured phases in the effenbergerite(BaₓCuSi₄O₁₀)-wesselsite (SrCuSi₄O₁₀) solid solution (Sr₁₋ₓBaₓCuSi₄O₁₀, where x is the mol fraction of the Ba end-member), have been refined from powder, netron time-of-flight, diffraction data. The accommodation of the larger, more electropositive Ba²⁺ cation within the crystal structure of SrCuSi₄O₁₀ is achieved by increasing the magnitude of the rotation of the square-planar CuO₄ group about the c axis, coupled with an anti-phase rotation, and concomitant tilting, of the Si₄O₁₀ polyhedral unit. To an excellent approximation, these structural changes are equivalent to a rigid sphere substitution, the radius of which is given by the compositionally averaged ionic radii of Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺. The compositional-dependence of the lattice parameter c is significantly larger than that for a at low values of x, and is particularly well parameterised in terms of the variations of the calculated ionic radius of the alkaline-earth site and the observed tilt of the SiO₄ tetrahedron. The lattice parameter a exhibits a negative deviation from Vegard's rule resulting from the more complex, coupled structural response to the change in the effective ionic radius at the Sr/Ba site. 2013-05-15T14:23:10.525Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25500 Social cohesion is an important determinant of functioning and healthy communities but its spatial distribution and relation to residential segregation within cities has not been adequately addressed due to the lack of small area data. A disconnect exists between the social capital and segregation literature. This paper presents how neighbourhood cohesion is spatially distributed in Sydney and Los Angeles using synthetic spatial microdata. The results indicate that Sydney has a relatively dense clustering of neighbourhood cohesion, whereas in Los Angeles it is more dispersed. In both cities, cohesion is highest in Anglo/white concentrations, and lowest in ethnically diverse areas. In Los Angeles, neighbourhood cohesion is significantly higher in African American concentrations than in Hispanic and Asian concentrations. Overall cohesion rises with the economic status in Los Angeles but not in Sydney. 2013-05-15T14:23:10.521Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25504 The increase in strength and evolution of crystalline phases in inorganic polymer cement, made by the alkali activation of slag, Class C and Class F fly ashes, was followed using compressive strength test and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. In order to increase the crystallinity of the product the reactions were carried out at 80 °C. We found that hydrotalcite formed in both the alkali-activated slag cements and the fly ash-based geopolymers. Hydroxycancrinite, one member of the ABC-6 family of zeolites, was found only in the fly ash geopolymers. Assuming that the predominantly amorphous geopolymer formed under ambient conditions relates to the crystalline phases found when the mixture is cured at high temperature, we propose that the structure of this zeolitic precursor formed in Na-based high alkaline environment can be regarded as a disordered form of the basic building unit of the ABC-6 group of zeolites which includes poly-types such as hydroxycancrinite, hydroxysodalite and chabazite-Na. 2013-05-15T14:23:07.106Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25503 High-pressure Brillouin spectroscopy of polycrystalline argon, measured using two scattering angles (180° and 70°), determines the isotropic elastic moduli, shear strength, equation of state, and refractive index of face-centered-cubic argon from 1.3 to 30 GPa at room temperature. The index of refraction n=1.33-1.67 over this pressure range. An Eulerian finite-strain analysis (Birch-Murnaghan equation of state) yields an isothermal bulk modulus and pressure derivative KT =15.1 (±1.1) GPa and K′T =5.4 (±0.3) at 2 GPa. The resulting equation of state agrees well with previous x-ray diffraction measurements, illustrating the suitability of high-pressure Brillouin scattering for characterizing the elasticity and strength of polycrystalline materials. 2013-05-15T14:23:06.999Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25506 The halo of the Milky Way provides unique elemental abundance and kinematic information on the first objects to form in the Universe, and this information can be used to tightly constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution. Although the halo was once considered a single component, evidence for its dichotomy has slowly emerged in recent years from inspection of small samples of halo objects. Here we show that the halo is indeed clearly divisible into two broadly overlapping structural components - an inner and an outer halo - that exhibit different spatial density profiles, stellar orbits and stellar metallicities (abundances of elements heavier than helium). The inner halo has a modest net prograde rotation, whereas the outer halo exhibits a net retrograde rotation and a peak metallicity one-third that of the inner halo. These properties indicate that the individual halo components probably formed in fundamentally different ways, through successive dissipational (inner) and dissipationless (outer) mergers and tidal disruption of proto-Galactic clumps. 2013-05-15T14:22:59.501Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25508 In 1997 Soker laid out a framework for understanding the formation and shaping of planetary nebulae (PN). Starting from the assumption that nonspherical PN cannot be formed by single stars, he linked PN morphologies to the binary mechanisms that may have formed them, basing these connections almost entirely on observational arguments. In light of the last decade of discovery in the field of PN, we revise this framework, which, although simplistic, can still serve as a benchmark against which to test theories of PN origin and shaping. Within the framework, we revisit the role of planets in shaping PN. Soker invoked a planetary role in shaping PN because there are not enough close binaries to shape the large fraction of nonspherical PN. In this article we adopt a model whereby only ∼20% of all 1–8 M⊙ stars make a PN. This reduces the need for planetary shaping. Through a propagation of percentages argument, and starting from the assumption that planets can only shape mildly elliptical PN, we conclude that ∼20% of all PN were shaped via planetary and other substellar interactions, but we add that this corresponds to only ∼5% of all 1–8 M⊙ stars. This may be in line with findings of planets around main-sequence stars. PN shaping by planets is made plausible by the recent discovery of planets that have survived interactions with red giant branch (RGB) stars. Finally, we conclude that of the ∼80% of 1–8 M⊙ stars that do not make a PN, about one-quarter do not even ascend the AGB due to interactions with stellar and substellar companions, while three-quarters ascend the AGB but do not make a PN. Once these stars leave the AGB they evolve normally and can be confused with post-RGB, extreme horizontal branch stars. We propose tests to identify them. 2013-05-15T14:22:53.154Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25510 Bookreview of 'The Reliefs of the Chapel of Nebhepetra Mentuhotep at Gebelein', by Marochetti, E.F. Translated by Kenneth Hurry. (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, 39). Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, 2010. ISBN 9789004179646, ISSN 1566-2055. 2013-05-15T14:22:49.260Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25511 Liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring (LC-SRM) is a highly specific and sensitive mass spectrometry (MS) technique that is widely being applied to selectively qualify and validate candidate markers within complex biological samples. However, in order for LC-SRM methods to take on these attributes, target-specific optimization of sample processing is required, in order to reduce analyte complexity, prior to LC-SRM. In this study, we have developed a targeted platform consisting of protein immunoaffinity enrichment on magnetic beads and LC-SRM for measuring carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) protein in a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell line (PRC3), a candidate biomarker for RCC whose expression at the protein level has not been previously reported. Sample processing and LC-SRM assay were optimized for signature peptides selected as surrogate markers of CA12 protein. Using LC-SRM coupled with stable isotope dilution, we achieved limits of quantitation in the low fmol range sufficient for measuring clinically relevant biomarkers with good intra- and interassay accuracy and precision (≤17%). Our results show that using a quantitative immunoaffinity capture approach provides specific, accurate, and robust assays amenable to high-throughput verification of potential biomarkers. 2013-05-15T14:22:46.406Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25512 Recombinant tissue plasminogen (rt-PA) with 35 cysteine residues has been completely assigned by mapping the 17 disulfide linkages and the unpaired cysteine. The result is consistent with the prediction from homology except for the unassigned cysteine, which was identified at Cys83. This cysteine was found to be blocked and paired with either a glutathione or cysteine residue in an 60:40 ratio, respectively. The analysis was conducted using a multifragmentation approach consisting of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision induced dissociation (CID), in combination with a multienzyme digestion strategy (Lys-C, trypsin, and Glu-C). The disulfide-linked peptides, even those containing N- or O-linked glycosylation, could be assigned since the disulfide bonds were still preferably cleaved over the glycosidic cleavages under ETD fragmentation. The use of a multiple and sequential enzymatic digestion strategy was important in producing fragment sizes suitable for analysis. For the analysis of complex intertwined disulfides, the use of CID−MS3 to target partially disulfide-dissociated peptides from the ETD fragmentation was necessary for linkage assignment. The ability to identify the exact location and status of the unpaired cysteine (free or blocked with a glutathione or cysteine) could shed light on the activation of rt-PA, upon stimulation by either oxidative or ischemic stress. 2013-05-15T14:22:45.794Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25514 RATIONALE Glycosylation of proteins and lipids affects many biological processes, such as host-pathogen interactions, cell communication, and initiation of the immune responses. Terminal glycan substructures, or determinants, often govern the function or recognition of the carrier glycoconjugate and modulate these processes. In this study we describe a strategy using multistage mass spectrometry to identify and confirm these glycan substructures. METHODS An online tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) spectral fragment library of glycan substructures that typically occur at the non-reducing terminus of glycoconjugates was created to enable the easier identification and confirmation of glycan determinants on oligosaccharides released from glycoproteins. Oligosaccharides were separated by porous graphitized carbon capillary chromatography and analysed by ion trap MS. Candidate product ions that constitute the glycan substructure mass were identified in the MS2 product ion spectrum, and used as the precursor ion for subsequent MS3 fragmentation. The resulting MS3 spectrum was matched against the MS2 spectral fragment library to identify the glycan substructure(s) that comprise the parent oligosaccharide. RESULTS Thirty biologically important terminal glycan determinants commonly observed on glycoconjugates were fragmented by positive and negative ion mass spectrometry and the MS2 product ion masses manually annotated and stored in the UniCarb-DB online database. Negative ion tandem mass spectra were especially useful in assigning isobaric glycan structures. We have applied this strategy for the identification of the sulphation, blood group antigens and sialic acid linkages on complex N-and O-glycans released from glycoproteins. CONCLUSIONS We show the potential of these glycan substructure MS2 spectra in the negative ionization mode to facilitate the assignment of determinants on N- and O-linked glycans released from glycoproteins. Comparing the structural feature ions of known glycan reference substructures assists in the annotation of complex glycan product ion spectra, and can remove the need for other orthogonal confirmation analyses such as sequential glycosidase digestion. 2013-05-15T14:22:42.856Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25517 A reduced predation risk is considered to be a major adaptive advantage of sociality. While most studies are concerned with non-predatory prey species, group-living predators are likely to face similar threats from higher-order predators. We studied the relationship between group size and predation risk in the subsocial crab spider Diaea ergandros by testing predictions from theoretical models including attack abatement as well as the formation of protective retreats. In a field survey, we found predatory clubionid spiders in 35 % of the D. ergandros nests and as predicted, nest size did not correlate with predator presence. In a subsequent laboratory experiment, we observed survival probability, nest construction activity and feeding behaviour including weight development between groups of different sizes as well as in the absence or presence of a predator. Large groups had an advantage in terms of survival and growth compared to smaller groups or single individuals. They also built significantly larger nests than smaller groups, supporting the idea of protective retreat formation being an adaptive benefit to group living. Even though clubionids did attack D. ergandros, they did not significantly affect overall mortality of D. ergandros. The feeding experiment showed that spiders fed on a larger proportion of flies in the presence of a predator. However, these groups gained significantly less weight compared to the control groups, indicating that the potential predators not only act as predators but also as food competitors, constituting a twofold cost for D. ergandros. 2013-05-15T14:22:38.902Z ]]> http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:25516 X-ray diffraction measurements and Raman spectroscopy at room temperature document the equation of state and the frequency shifts for Eg, T2g, and A1g vibrational modes of polycrystalline LaB6 under pressure. The data exhibit smooth pressure dependencies, yielding a zero-pressure isothermal bulk modulus K0T =164 (±2) GPa in good accord with independent ultrasonic measurements, and show no evidence of structural or electronic phase transitions up to at least 25 GPa. 2013-05-15T14:22:38.731Z ]]>